Recently, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Louisiana issued the Benoit v. Neustrom opinion. 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 55971 (decided April 17, 2013). Here, the parties sought approval that CMS' future interest could be fully satisfied by funding an MSA for less than full value of the Claimant's future medicals. The parties agreed to resolve a liability claim for a gross amount of $100,000. Defendant had an MSA allocation prepared, which concluded that the Claimant would be expected to incur between $277,758.62 to $333,267.02 in future injury-related care otherwise covered by Medicare. Additionally, Medicare had made conditional payments on the Claimant’s behalf totaling $2,777.88. 

The Court, having previous experience addressing MSA related questions, looked to the 11th Circuit decision in Bradley v. Sebelius for guidance. 621 F.3d 1330 (11th Cir. 2010).  Bradley was an allocation case under the MSP with respect to conditional payments, holding that CMS must respect a judicial allocation based on the merits of the case. Applying the logic that CMS’ recovery can be fully satisfied by identifying that portion of an award which is intended to compensate a Claimant for medical expenses (past and future), the Court agreed with the parties in that an MSA did not need to be fully funded to satisfy Medicare’s interest.  It did, however, disagree with respect to the dollar amount of the MSA. 

Instead of following a strict pro rata approach advocated by the Claimant, the Court instead calculated a ratio of the net settlement proceeds (after costs of procurement and conditional payments by CMS had been subtracted from the gross award of $100,000) against the mean MSA figure. That ratio of 18.2% was then applied to the net proceeds, leading the Court to conclude that an MSA totaling $10,138 would be an appropriate amount with which to satisfy Medicare’s future interest.

This case is yet another example in 2013 (building on recent cases such as Early and Sterrett) depicting that MSA issues cannot be ignored simply because the claim being resolved is a liability claim instead of a workers’ compensation claim.  While the issue must be addressed, the opinions also display that a more sophisticated methodology must be applied which takes into account the inherent differences between liability and workers’ compensation claims.  As such, MSAs in the liability context should rarely be funded for the full value of a claimant’s overall future costs of care otherwise covered by Medicare (as the claimant did not recovery 100 cents on the dollar for such damages).  In applying the allocation logic previously utilized in Bradley for conditional payments, the Court has provided a reasonable and logical path for parties to follow in the short term, with CMS anticipated to provide guidance in 2013 in the form of a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking.  

The DRI MSP Task Force will continue to follow these developments and provide you with practical means for incorporating this guidance into your practice.
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Categories: Law Suit | Medicare | MSP | Supreme Court

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On March 27, 2013, a jury in federal district court in Bridgeport, Connecticut awarded Cara Munn, a 20-year-old woman who formerly attended the Hotchkiss School  in Lakeville, Connecticut, $41,750,000 in a case styled Orson D. Munn III et al. v. The Hotchkiss School, No. 3:09cv0919 (SRU).  The case raises important issues concerning "duty" and "assumption of risk."

The jury determined that Hotchkiss, a prestigious prep school, was negligent for two reasons: (1) in failing to warn plaintiff before or during a school sponsored trip to China during the summer of 2007 about the risk of insect-borne illness on the trip; and (2) in failing to ensure that plaintiff used protective measures to prevent infection by an insect-borne disease while visiting Mt. Pan in China.

In an article appearing in the Connecticut Law Tribune (Vol. 39, No. 13), titled "Tick Bite Leads To Big Verdict," it was reported that the school was faulted specifically  for not warning plaintiff (and her parents) that she would be traveling in mountainous and forested terrain. As a result, the jury determined that the plaintiff was not aware that she had to protect herself from insects by wearing bug repellent, long sleeve shirts and trousers, and by avoiding brushy undergrowth.

According to Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint, Ms. Munn's parents had Cara flown back to the United States in July '07, where she was hospitalized for several weeks at Weill Cornell Medical Center in the pediatric ICU and later at the Rusk Institute for extensive rehab.  As a result of her severe encephalitis, plaintiff suffered severe neurological and motor injuries, including permanent loss of speech. 

The case, which will almost certainly be appealed, raises significant issues concerning duty and the assumption of personal responsibility by parents who agree to have their child travel abroad for educational purposes. Apart from the obvious differences in food, culture and living conditions, traveling abroad carries many potential risks, some of which are foreseeable and some of which are not. Stepping back from the facts presented by this particularly tragic case, should a high school be held responsible for failing to prevent a student from being bitten by a tick in China? What if the tick had bitten her during a field trip to Central Park?

Assuming that the Second Circuit upholds this verdict, what does this case portend for high schools and colleges that plan educational trips abroad? Is there some bright line test that would provide guidance to a school evaluating the safety concerns of its students? Short of wrapping all of their students in cocoons and keeping them closely monitored in classroom settings, how can any school protect against the kind of unforeseen liability presented by this case?  

Hotchkiss' Answer to Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint states that plaintiffs' claims should be barred by the doctrine of assumption of risk.  The school argues that plaintiffs voluntarily assumed the risk of travel to China as evidenced by their execution of the pre-trip Agreement, Waiver, and Release of Liability.  In this agreement, plaintiffs agreed that Hotchkiss "would not be responsible for any injury to person or property caused by anything other than its sole negligence or willful misconduct" (emphasis added). Would legal weight did the court give to this release? 

Based upon the Verdict Form presented to the jury, it would appear that the trial court gave short shrift to the language in the release.  The jury was asked the following questions: (1) Was one or more of Hotchkiss' negligent acts or omissions a cause-in-fact of Cara Munn's injuries; and (2) Was one or more of Hotchkiss' negligent acts or omissions a substantial factor, that acting alone or in conjunction with other factors, brought about Cara's injuries? 

Those inquiries are a lot different from asking whether the jury finds that Hotchkiss' "sole negligence or willful misconduct" caused the injuries.  Although the jury determined that plaintiff did not contribute to any degree whatsoever in causing her injuries, it was not asked to consider whether other intervening factors played any role in causing Cara's injuries.

There are circumstances when a school can and should be held responsible when things go wrong on a school outing.  Three examples come quickly to mind: (1) sending kids into a war zone despite State Department warnings; (2) sending kids abroad into an epidemic earlier identified by the CDC; or (3) taking non-swimmers for an ocean swim outing without proper supervision. 

How is Munn different from these scenarios?  Is a random bug bite as foreseeable, if at all, as the kinds of risks discussed in the three scenarios above? According to Hotchkiss' summary judgment memorandum, the CDC reported that plaintiff was the first U.S. traveler ever to have reported TBE after traveling in China. Moreover, no U.S. traveler since plaintiff has developed the disease.  Therefore, how unreasonable was it for Hotchkiss not to take precautions against a risk of harm that arguably had such a slight likelihood of taking place?  Shouldn't plaintiffs have had to prove that the defendant was on prior notice of the existence of circumstances that could give rise to an injury? 

Plaintiffs' expert, Peter Tarlow once led a group of children, including his own son, on a tour of Israel.  If a child on that Israel tour had been unexpectedly assaulted by someone holding anti-Zionist views, would Dr. Tarlow expect to be held responsible for any resultant injury because he was "on notice" of decades of endemic unrest in the region? 

Two strong CT trial lawyers squared off against each for this eight day trial--for the plaintiffs, Antonio Ponvert of Koskoff, Koskoff & Bieder, one of the New England plaintiff bar's preeminent firms, and for the defendant, Penny Q. Seaman of Wiggin & Dana, one of Connecticut's oldest and most accomplished firms.  The bar should expect to see excellent post-trial briefing as events unfold.  

*This was originally posted on April 5 on Toxic Tort Litigation Blog. Read the current post here

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Categories: Law Suit | Medical Liability | Toxic Tort

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The growing industry of litigation funding will be expanding further very soon.  Reuters reported last week that well known former federal prosecutor Andrew Stolper of Santa Ana, California, will open a litigation financing firm.  The new company will be based in Irvine, California and will specialize in funding plaintiffs in commercial litigation cases.  Firms like Stolper’s loan money to plaintiffs in exchange for a percentage of any recovery.  The loans typically do not have to be repaid if the plaintiff does not recover.  

Litigation financing is a very controversial practice.  In 2011 the New York City Bar Association issued a formal opinion stating that it is not unethical per se for a lawyer to represent a plaintiff with a non-recourse financing agreement.  However, the same opinion pointed out that there may be a loss of confidentiality due to sharing privileged information with the litigation finance company. The opinion states “a lawyer representing a client who is party, or considering becoming party, to a non-recourse funding arrangement should be aware of the potential ethical issues and should be prepared to address them as they arise.”

In addition to the various ethical concerns, one of the practical ramifications of litigation financing is that it can often complicate the resolution of a case by settlement since the funding company will typically have a lien against the proceeds, minimizing the plaintiff’s net recovery via settlement.  Many mediations fail because of such liens.

Stolper enters his new business with a history of having been strongly criticized by a federal judge in 2009 for engaging in a “shameful” effort to intimidate witnesses.  Further, his partner in the new venture, Peter Norrell, is a former FBI agent who pled guilty in 2010 to illegally accessing FBI records and threatening criminal prosecution to assist a friend in a debt collection matter.  He received two years of probation and three months of home confinement for that incident.  Apparently, Norrell and Stolper have worked together in the past and they bring their experience to the questionable litigation financing industry.   

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On March 11, 2013, the National Football League and the General Electric Co. announced that they are teaming up to create a Head Health Initiative that will provide $60 million dollars to assist leading neurologists in researching traumatic brain injuries and developing technology able to monitor these ailments.  $40 million will go towards developing imaging technologies, and the remaining $20 million will be available to others who seek to prevent, identify, and develop treatments for brain injuries.  Athletic apparel company Under Armour will also be providing $5 million dollars in support for the cause.

Jeff Immelt, GE Chairman and CEO, indicated that scientific support for the research would be top-notch.  “We’re trying to do this with the best minds anywhere in the world,” he noted in a news conference.  He declared that the funds would utilize GE’s expertise in sophisticated diagnostic imaging technology to increase general scientific knowledge on brain functions, noting “With this initiative, we will advance our research and apply our learning to sports-related concussions, brain injuries suffered by members of the military and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.  Advancing brain science will help families everywhere.”

NFL commissioner Roger Goodell also expressed satisfaction with the initiative, stating: “The NFL has made tremendous progress in making the game safe and more exciting.  But we have more work to do.  Our collaboration with GE and Under Armour . . . puts us on an accelerated path to progress . . that will benefit athletes, the military, and all members of society.”

As orignally published at www.sportslawinsider.com March 13, 2013.
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On January 25, 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia held that the National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB”) lacked a sufficient quorum of members when it issued a finding that Noel Canning had violated the National Labor Relations Act.  See Noel Canning v. NLRB, 2013 U.S. App. LEXIS 1659 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 25, 2013).  On the date that the NLRB issued its findings against Noel Canning, three of its five members were sitting after appointment by President Obama, without Senate confirmation, under the Recess Appointment Clause of the U.S. Constitution.  The problem, according to the court, was that the “recess appointees” had been appointed while the Senate was in pro forma session, not recess, thereby making the appointments invalid.  With only two validly appointed members sitting on the NLRB, the Court of Appeals held that the NLRB lacked the necessary quorum to take any action against Noel Canning.

The court’s ruling potentially invalidates all NLRB rulings since January 4, 2012, the date of the recess appointments.  And because two of the unconfirmed appointees continue to sit on the NLRB, all NLRB decisions going forward may be called into question.  The NLRB does not appear phased by the court’s ruling, however, and continues to issue decisions.  It is expected that the NLRB will continue with business as usual until the Supreme Court weighs in on the issue.

On February 13, 2013, President Obama asked the Senate to confirm his re-nomination of NLRB Members Sharon Block and Richard Griffin.  That same day, various Republican House of Representatives leaders sent a letter to President Obama and NLRB Chairman Mark Pearce, requesting that the President nominate “four qualified individuals” to the NLRB and that the NLRB cease all activity until confirmation of the requested appointments.  While each branch of the government weighs in on this issue, employers and their attorneys are left with the challenge of interpreting the current state of labor law.

We look forward to gaining insight on the recess appointee controversy, as well as the NLRB’s recent decisions and agendas, from Lafe Solomon, Acting General Counsel for the NLRB, during DRI’s 36th Annual Employment and Labor Law Seminar, to be held May 1-3, 2013, at the Arizona Biltmore, in Phoenix, Arizona.  If you have not already registered for this exciting event, please access the registration information here to secure your spot today.

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Last June, Drake and Chris Brown found themselves on opposite sides of a New York City nightclub scuffle.  Now, according to reports by TMZ, they are suing each other over the fight in the hopes of receiving a judicial determination of who was responsible for the brawl.  The fight began after an argument broke out over the pop singer Rihanna.  Eventually, punches and bottles were thrown, leaving the club in shambles and Brown with a gash on his chin.  After a model named Romain Julien was also injured in the fight, he sued Brown, Drake, and the club for damages stemming from his cuts, “cosmetic defects,” and emotional distress.  Most likely, Brown and Drake are seeking this determination in order to avoid paying damages should Julien win his lawsuit.

Other notable lawsuits stemming from that particular fight include Entertainment Enterprises Ltd.’s $4 million lost licensing deal claim, along with a $20 million eye injury claim brought by NBA star Tony Parker.  Surprisingly, the incident resulted in no criminal charges against either party due to a lack of conclusory evidence.

As originally published at Sports Law Insider

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Do you talk or text while driving? If so, you better check out the status of the law in your state. Here are two links that will give you important information on these laws. And local governments are getting in on the act. For example, this Wednesday Mission, Kansas, begins the process of enacting an ordinance allowing only hands-free phones while driving.

 

 http://www.distraction.gov/content/get-the-facts/state-laws.html

 

http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/cellphone_laws.html

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Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence governs the admissibility of demonstrative evidence at trial, assuming that evidence is determined to be relevant under Rule 401. Pursuant to Rule 403, a demonstrative exhibit may be excluded from the courtroom if its probative value is substantially outweighed by its unfair prejudice, its cumulative nature or if it is confusing or misleading.


Does the exhibit (1) relate to a piece of admissible substantive proof; (2) fairly and accurately reflect that substantive proof; and (3) is it sufficiently explanatory or illustrative to assist the jury? These are the questions used to establish a proper foundation for use at trial.

In addition, the exhibit should convey what it is designed to convey. For example, a computer enhanced photograph should not make an accident scene look better or worse than it actually was. Similarly, the demonstrative evidence should convey representational accuracy. The scale, dimensions and contours of the underlying evidence should all be accurately depicted. Today more than ever, the creative use of software permits trial counsel to manipulate demonstrative exhibits in ways often difficult to spot.

In an excellent article titled, “5 Demonstrative Evidence Tricks and Cheats to Watch Out For,” Ken Lopez, fouinder of A2L Consulting, provides a useful guide for spotting misleading charts and explains why they are misleading. Lopez discusses five such tricks (which are somewhat difficult to convey without having all of the graphics Lopez uses in his article to illustrate his points):

1. The Slippery Scale. This trick involves setting the the vertical y-axis on a graph in a narrow range that does not include “0.” By not including “0,” it is easy to make a relatively small change look enormous.

2. Compared to what? If the trial lawyer seeks to demonstrate a small change on a percentage basis, all he needs to do is carry the horizontal x-axis so that time is literally “on his side”

3. The Percentage Increase Trick. How many times have you heard someone talk about a 200% or 300% increase and really wonder what they mean? 

4. Tricking the Eye with 3D Charts. Flat charts with no depth or 3D aspect are harder to trick the viewer with, so always scrutinize your opponent’s charts when a third dimension is introduced. On a pie chart, when a slice of the pie (e.g., the percentage of customers injured by a purportedly defective product) is closer to the viewer, it looks much bigger.

5. Misleading Emotional Imagery. Putting an image of a homeless person in the background of a chart about increasing homelessness is designed to evoke emotion. Similarly, showing an oil-covered bird in the background in an explanation of how much oil was spilled in an accident does not add to one’s understanding of the amount of oil spilled, but seeks to trigger an emotional response in the viewer.

Perhaps the single most important Rule 403 objection you can make in a jury trial is the exhibit’s capacity to generate an emotional response such as pity, revulsion or contempt. Under these circumstances, the capacity to evoke emotion far outweighs the value of the evidence on the issues before the court and exclusion is appropriate.

As originally posted on January 9, 2013 in Toxic Torts Litigation Blog
 
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Law.com’s Legal Blog Watch recently noted a viral Facebook photo involving a “footlong” sandwich that appeared to be less than 12 inches long:  http://legalblogwatch.typepad.com/legal_blog_watch/2013/01/how-many-inches-is-your-subway-footlong-sub.html.  Citing a post from Today where restaurant customers were posting pictures of footlong sandwiches, http://lifeinc.today.com/_news/2013/01/17/16565128-wheres-the-inch-subways-footlong-falls-short?lite, Legal Blog Watch asked whether a class action or two or three would soon follow.  One might reasonably question whether customers suffered any damages by the claimed shortfall.  One might further question how plaintiffs’ counsel could possibly prove any sort of claim on a class-wide basis.  Nonetheless, the fact that such questions come to mind shows the pervasiveness of class action litigation in today’s society.  The issues inherent in the current use of the class action device are of such importance that the U.S. Supreme Court’s current docket features five merits cases involving class action claims.  Those Supreme Court cases, along with a number of other cutting-edge class action topics, will be the subject of DRI’s 2013 Class Action Seminar, which will take place at the Washington Court Hotel in Washington, DC on July 25 and 26.  DRI members interested in this area of law will want to attend this Program.

 

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Even before Hurricane Sandy devastated the East Coast, climate change policy had been on the forefront of federal and state legislative agendas.    However, the size and scope of Sandy has brought a new wave of federal and state policy proposals aimed at preventing the frequency and magnitude of superstorms like Sandy.

In Congress, Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA), the Chair of the Senate Environmental and Public Works Committee, is spearheading several efforts aimed at curbing climate change.  Although the legislation was proposed before Sandy, the aftermath of Sandy has renewed Senator Boxer’s calls to enact the Water Resources Development Act of 2012.  This bill authorizes infrastructure improvements to our nation’s water resources in order to reduce flood risk and storm damage and to foster ecosystem restoration. 

Senator Boxer, in a collaborative effort with the Chairs of the Senate Energy and National Resources Committee and Senate Foreign Relations Committee, has also recently proposed the creation of a “clearinghouse” in order to organize the Senate’s efforts on climate change legislation.  She intends the clearinghouse to be a central forum for lawmakers to examine the current state of the science on climate change and to raise federal and state-specific issues of interest.

In New Jersey, one of the states hit hardest by Sandy, the storm may already be shaping New Jersey’s strategic planning and growth efforts.  The State’s strategic development plan was scheduled for release just weeks after the storm; however, its release has been delayed, and according to the Christie Administration, the plan is under reconsideration “in light of the new challenges that have been presented by the storm and the aftermath of the storm.”     

While the predictability of future natural disasters is far from certain, we can be sure that in the aftermath of Sandy, legislative and public policy proposals addressing climate change will be on the horizon.    Indeed, since President Obama specifically mentioned climate change in his Inaugural Address on January 21, 2013, his Administration will likely seek congressional action before the 2014 mid-term elections.  

 

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